Generally, the best performances were achieved by using the parameter set estimated in the same locations where calibration is performed (e.g., parameter set Par_C1 gives the best results in location C1).
This is also confirmed by the indices of goodness-of-fit reported in Table 2. The model is able to simulate the main wetting front and stable patterns of the SM profile both at low-saturation (September–March) and to a better degree at high-saturation (March–August) periods. Simulated state variables include 3-D soil temperature and moisture. GEOtop simulates surface and subsurface water flows, and it solves the Richards equation in a fully 3-D mode. Moreover the model needs meteorological forcing data such as precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, and relative humidity. GEOtop takes into account the complex topography of a watershed by using inputs such as a digital elevation model, aspect, local slope, and sky view factor maps when simulating each finite-volume cell of the basin. This ensures a feasible computational time by reducing the numeric complexity. In GEOtop, the heat and water flow equations are linked in a time-lagged manner (e.g., ) and are not fully coupled numerically. It models saturated and unsaturated subsurface flows, surface runoff, channel flows, and turbulent fluxes across the soil-atmosphere interface (e.g., latent and sensible heat fluxes), and it calculates the discharge at the outlet of the basin. GEOtop is a three-dimensional (3-D), physically based, spatially distributed, finite-volume model that performs water and energy budget calculations. This study serves as a template for future integration of process models into OMS. Simulated soil water content and soil temperature results are compared with measured data, and model performance is evaluated using goodness-of-fit indices. A case study of the model in a semi-arid agricultural catchment is presented for illustration and proof-of-concept. Executing GEOtop as an OMS model component allows it to: (1) interact directly with the open-source geographical information system (GIS) uDig-JGrass to access geo-processing, visualization, and other modeling components and (2) use OMS components for automatic calibration, sensitivity analysis, or meteorological data interpolation. GEOtop is a physically based, spatially distributed rainfall-runoff model that performs three-dimensional finite volume calculations of water and energy budgets.
WATER STREET UDIG SOFTWARE
It provides innovative techniques in software design such as multithreading, implicit parallelism, calibration and sensitivity analysis algorithms, and cloud-services. OMS is an environmental modeling framework that facilitates model development, calibration, evaluation, and maintenance. We present the integration of the GEOtop model into the OMS version 3.0 and illustrate its application in a small watershed. This paper describes a general methodology for integrating environmental models into the Object Modeling System (OMS) regardless of the model’s complexity, the programming language, and the operating system used. The integration of a spatial process model into an environmental modeling framework can enhance the model’s capabilities.
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